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Pola Negri
Pola Negri (born Barbara Apolonia Chałupiec, sometimes spelled Chalupec or Chałupec; 3 January 1897〔Kotowski, Mariusz. (''Pola Negri: Life is a Dream in Cinema'' ), Bright Shining City Productions (2006), DVD〕〔Some sources cite 31 December 1896 as Negri's date of birth but the four day discrepancy is due to the change in styling from the Julian calendar (OS) of Imperial Russia to the Gregorian calendar (NS) in Poland, per biographer Mariusz Kotowski, who uses the 3 January 1897 date in his biography of her life. Negri herself used both dates on different documents, including United States immigration and naturalization paperwork, but liked to use the 31 December date and to state that she was born on the last day of the 19th century, which is why some documents, including Social Security, cite 31 December 1899, as does her crypt (see (here )), indicating that Negri had made herself three years younger.〕〔Kotowski, Mariusz. ''Pola Negri: Hollywood's First Femme Fatale'', University Press of Kentucky (24 March 2014); ISBN 978-0-8131-4488-7〕 – 1 August 1987) was a Polish stage and film actress who achieved worldwide fame during the silent and golden eras of Hollywood and European film for her tragedienne and ''femme fatale'' roles.
She was the first European film star to be invited to Hollywood, and became one of the most popular actresses in American silent film. Her varied career included work as an actress in theater and vaudeville; as a recording artist, as a ballerina and as an author.〔
==Early life==
Negri was born Barbara Apolonia Chałupiec〔〔Long, Christopher. (Barbara CHALUPEC profile ), ''Handbook of Texas Online''; accessed 25 January 2011.〕 on 3 January 1897〔 in Lipno, Congress Poland, Russian Empire (present-day Lipno, Poland), the only surviving child (of three) of a Polish mother, Eleonora (née Kiełczewska; died 24 August 1954), who, according to Negri, came from impoverished Polish nobility,〔〔〔Negri, Pola. ''Memoirs of a Star''. New York: Doubleday, 1970, pp. 16, 22, 87-90, 405; ASIN B0006C0782〕 and Juraj Chalupec (died 1920), an itinerant Slovakian tinsmith from Nesluša. After her father was arrested by the Russian authorities for revolutionary activities and sent to Siberia, she and her mother moved to Warsaw, where they lived in poverty.〔
Young Barbara was accepted into Warsaw's Imperial Ballet Academy. Her first dance performance was in the chorus of baby swans in Tchaikovsky's ''Swan Lake''; she worked her way up to a solo role in the Saint-Léon ballet ''Coppélia''. However, a bout with tuberculosis forced her to stop dancing. Chałupec was sent to a sanatorium to recover, and during that time, she adopted the pseudonym ''Pola Negri'', after the Italian novelist and poetess Ada Negri; "Pola" was short for her own middle name, Apolonia (sometimes spelled Apollonia).〔〔Bock, Hans-Michael: (''The Concise Cinegraph: encyclopaedia of German cinema'' ), New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books (2009), p. 338.〕
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